Which document lists all transfers of ownership and encumbrances affecting a property?

• A. Abstract of title
• B. Deed
• C. Mortgage
• D. Survey

Answer: (A)

An abstract of title provides a historical record of all transfers of ownership and encumbrances affecting a property. It compiles the chain of title and every recorded item that could affect marketable title—liens, mortgages, easements, judgments, restrictions, and other encumbrances—so a buyer and lender can assess title risk. A deed is the actual instrument that conveys ownership from one party to another, but it doesn’t summarize the entire history or list all encumbrances. A mortgage is a loan secured by the property and creates a lien, not a history of ownership. A survey shows the property’s boundaries and improvements, not ownership transfers or encumbrances.